Internal history. Within the fictional universe of Star Trek, Klingon is derived from the original language spoken by the messianic figure Kahless the Unforgettable, who united the Klingon home-world of QoʼnoS under one empire more than 1500 years ago.
Klingon is one of the most popular elvish languages and is often compared to English. It was created by American linguist Marc Okrand for the Star Trek television series. Klingon has its alphabet, which is based on the Latin alphabet. There is a quarterly journal devoted to the natural language called HolQeD.
Gene Coon, who wrote the episode “Errand of Mercy” in which the Klingons first appeared, deliberately modeled the species on America's communist rivals in the Cold War: primarily Russia, to a lesser extent China.
With the advent of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994), as well as in subsequent series, the Klingons became allies of the Federation, and the portrayal of their culture changed to resemble the adoption of a warrior code similar to that of the samurai (or, rather, Western imaginations of them) and Vikings.
Very often, people compare it to Arabic or Russian, but that only comes close to the pronunciation, but certainly not the grammar. Since Klingon shares a lot with a lot of other languages, it's easy for people to spot things that look similar to other languages they have used.
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Physiologically, Romulans are similar to Vulcans, another species in the Star Trek universe. In fact, Romulans share a common ancestry with Vulcans and are considered an offshoot of the same species. They have pointed ears and arched eyebrows, and possess great strength, intelligence, and longevity.
The appearance of Klingons in Star Trek has evolved over time, with the original series using minimal makeup due to their tight budget. Later series introduced cranial ridges, and Discovery created a more alien look for the Klingons.
The redesign of the Klingons almost from scratch for Star Trek Discovery is the arguably most controversial artistic decision in the history of the franchise. Whether they criticize the new look and feel of the species for its clumsiness or for its disrespect of canon, many fans genuinely dislike it.
In the original television series (TOS), Klingons were typically portrayed with bronze skin and facial hair suggestive of Asian people and possessed physical abilities similar to humans (in fact, Coon's only physical description of them in his "Errand of Mercy" script is "oriental" and "hard-faced").
And, no, Arab culture has never been cited by the creators of Star Trek as an influence upon their depictions of the Klingons. The early Klingons were clearly based on the Soviet Union politically and upon certain European-American-created visual stereotypes of Asians.
First they said it was in the Epsilon Sagitarii system which is about 140 light-years from Earth, more recently they said it was in the Omega Leonis system 112 light years away, and in between they said it was in a fictitious system in the Beta Quadrant placing it many thousands of light years away.
It is a constructed language, not one that developed naturally. Only a few people can speak the Klingon language well enough to talk in it. The Klingon Language Institute helps people learn Klingon.
Worf is 100% Klingon by birth, although he was adopted by humans at a young age. B'elanna Torres, however was born to a Klingon mother and a Human father, so she is half Klingon, half Human.
The baldric didn't just show that Worf was Klingon. It was also an important celebration of Klingon heritage. While other baldrics might have been used to carry weapons, the Klingon ones were solely for honoring their family or house, something that was important to Worf.
Although Worf was raised by humans, he considered himself a Klingon at heart and studied in-depth the ways of his people. As an adult, his mannerisms and personality, as well as his innate sense of honor, became more Klingon than human.
The origin of the Borg is never made clear, though they are portrayed as having existed for hundreds of thousands of years (as attested by Guinan and the Borg Queen).
Memory Alpha notes that there is no canonical maximum estimate for Klingon lifespans, but several Klingons are known to have exceed a century, and some may have made it past 150 (earyh) years. That makes them pretty comparable to 24th century humans.
Vulcans are suggested to be x3 times stronger than a human (and consequently a Klingon) but they are a race that, mostly, avoids all forms of physical violence, due to their dark and murky past, favoring intelligence and logic over warfare.
petaQ. One Klingon term used as an insult on numerous occasions was petaQ (also spelled "Pahtak", "Pathak", "p'tahk", "p'takh", "patahk", "pahtk", "p'tak", or "p'taq"). It was also used by the Klingons of the mirror universe.
