With his powers amplified by a Force dyad, Sidious unleashed a storm of Force lightning upon his enemies above Exegol. Although its use was officially forbidden by the Jedi Order for most of its history, light-siders like the Jedi could also use this power.
Dark side users like Darth Desolous, Darth Tenebrous, Darth Maul and the Son, were seen wielding red. Jaina Solo also used a highly unusual color variant, in the form of black. Force users of the Eternal Empire used a form of yellow/orange lightning.
Darth Vader can not use force lighting, because of his severed arms. Robotic hands can't summon the force lighting. However Darth Vader can still use other forms of the force, such as force choke.
However, there is a third variety seen only by the most dangerous masters of the Dark Side: Red Force Lightning. Unlike normal Force Lightning, Red Lightning was generated by a Dark Side individual gathering and releasing cosmic energy of the universe itself. It can also be used to suck the life out of a target.
Palpatine actually had purple/blue lightning. In Star Wars there are three forms of lightning, blue, purple, and red. In that order is the strength of the different lightning's. Blue being the weakest and red being the strongest.
Electric Judgment, also known as Emerald Lightning, was a Force power used by the Jedi to spray electric bolts of variable intensity from the hands and fingers.
And therein lies the answer. Sith specifically channel Force lightning using their hands. Seemingly, because Vader's hands are no longer there, he can't channel the dark side of the Force through them, meaning that he can't use Force lightning.
Kylo demonstrably couldn't defeat Snoke directly, instead killing his master via deception. Kylo most likely never learned how to conjure Force lightning, which is considered an advanced skill for dark side users.
In canon, it has been speculated that Anakin could, but never learned how to before becoming Darth Vader. As Darth Vader, it's possible that he never did because lightning might be a technique where the electricity travels through your entire body, and Vader is mostly mechanical, so he would destroy his own body/limbs.
While many Star Wars fans would consider Yoda and Palpatine to be almost perfect antitheses of one another, it seems that they share a strange connection through Yoda's usage of Force Lightning in The Last Jedi that is eerily similar to something Palpatine did just a few years prior–and that connection goes much deeper ...
It became seen as a gateway to the dark side, with some choosing to practice it in secret. Remarkably, Mace Windu is only one of a few Form VII users who didn't fall to the dark side thanks to his refining Juyo into Vaapad.
Mace Windu, with his lightsaber combat form Vaapad, could reflect the lightning back to its source with a "superconducting loop". It required tremendous effort on the reflector's part, however, as seen in Windu's battle with Palpatine; Windu was seemingly able to overcome Palpatine's lightning.
During The Rise of Skywalker, Ray accidentally uses Force lightning on the planet Pasana, believing she accidentally killed Chewbacca. While this moment was used to hint at her Palpatine heritage, it also shows that anyone can use the lightning, but only if they channel their anger.
Like his master, Darth Sidious, better known as Sheev Palpatine, Maul's main weakness was his overconfidence. In Luke Skywalker's confrontation with Palpatine during The Return of the Jedi, he tells the Emperor that his overconfidence is his weakness.
Consisting often of former Jedi, the Inquisitors were initially weak in the usage of the dark side of the Force and utilized the defensive fighting discipline common to most of the Jedi Order - which emphasized maintaining a strong defense and only moving to attack when there was no other recourse available.
It was a technique of telekinesis that was frequently employed by the Sith and other users of the dark side of the Force, although there were some cases where Jedi or other users of the light side would use the technique.
The most common variation of Force lightning is a blueish-purple color. It was the original version that the Emperor used in Return of the Jedi, and it has continued as the mainstay for most Dark Side users.
