Two easily explainable reasons for why Maul never used Force lightning, which have come up several times, are one) that he wasn't a Sith Lord and two) he never learned the ability in the first place.
Galen Marek was another Force-user who could channel lightning that would kill on contact. Both Kyle Katarn and Darth Sidious could conjure lightning so powerful that not only would it instantly kill its target, it would also physically hurl them backwards.
Darth Maul was also strong in the Force, strong enough for Darth Sidious to raise and train him as a Sith Lord. Maul was able to use Force Choke and Force aided acrobatics.
In the Revenge of the Sith Visual Dictionary, under Darth Vader, in the Data File, it says -"As a result of having artificial arms, Darth Vader will never be able to conjure Sith lightning-nor be invulnerable to it."- Thats probably why Vader suffered so much in Return of the Jedi.
In canon, it has been speculated that Anakin could, but never learned how to before becoming Darth Vader. As Darth Vader, it's possible that he never did because lightning might be a technique where the electricity travels through your entire body, and Vader is mostly mechanical, so he would destroy his own body/limbs.
What If Qui Gon AND Darth Maul Survived In The Phantom Menace
Did Dooku use force lightning as a Jedi?
One of the main villains of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Dooku's lightning is one of his main weapons, much like his master Palpatine. But he learned the skill back when he was still a Jedi, and even used it to save his Padawan, Qui-Gon Jinn.
Kylo demonstrably couldn't defeat Snoke directly, instead killing his master via deception. Kylo most likely never learned how to conjure Force lightning, which is considered an advanced skill for dark side users.
During the mission to Pasaana, while battling Kylo Ren, the Jedi Rey released a burst of Force lightning so powerful it was able to obliterate a First Order troop transport ship.
While unleashing the lightning storm, he screams at Vader that it is a Sith's right to revel in the glory of their own strength, and there's nothing that displays the unadulterated, raw power of the Dark Side of the Force than Force Lightning. This explains why Palpatine's default Force-attack is lightning.
Regardless, based on the season 7 of The Clone Wars, and the fact that Darth Maul was aware of Anakin Skywalker's future and his role as the Chosen One, it is very likely that Darth Maul indeed feared Darth Vader to some extent, and preferred to avoid a direct confrontation with him, at least, on his own.
Like his master, Darth Sidious, better known as Sheev Palpatine, Maul's main weakness was his overconfidence. In Luke Skywalker's confrontation with Palpatine during The Return of the Jedi, he tells the Emperor that his overconfidence is his weakness.
Sidious revealed to Maul that he did not intend to kill his former apprentice, as he still had use for Maul; it was Sidious' hope that Maul would lead the Sith to Mother Talzin, Maul's mother and the leader of the Nightsisters, so she could be eliminated as a potential threat to the eventual Sith rule of the galaxy.
Mace Windu, with his lightsaber combat form Vaapad, could reflect the lightning back to its source with a "superconducting loop". It required tremendous effort on the reflector's part, however, as seen in Windu's battle with Palpatine; Windu was seemingly able to overcome Palpatine's lightning.
Electric Judgment, also known as Emerald Lightning, was a Force power used by the Jedi to spray electric bolts of variable intensity from the hands and fingers.
While many Star Wars fans would consider Yoda and Palpatine to be almost perfect antitheses of one another, it seems that they share a strange connection through Yoda's usage of Force Lightning in The Last Jedi that is eerily similar to something Palpatine did just a few years prior–and that connection goes much deeper ...
Even for his species, Plo showed a very impressive connection to the Force that allowed him incredible patience as well as unique abilities, including Force lightning. Force lightning is typically viewed as a Sith ability, as dark side emotions and intent is typically required to conjure it.
Snoke was never a Sith, but he was nevertheless an extremely powerful unaffiliated dark side user. Unsurprisingly, Snoke was a talented practitioner of Force lightning, which he used to excruciatingly stun Kylo Ren when the latter lunged at him.
Anakin Skywalker's Chosen One Potential Was Permanently Stunted. The Darth Vader comic book series reveals that, while the eponymous Sith Lord was indeed capable of using Force Lightning, the electricity could potentially destroy his life-sustaining suit.
And therein lies the answer. Sith specifically channel Force lightning using their hands. Seemingly, because Vader's hands are no longer there, he can't channel the dark side of the Force through them, meaning that he can't use Force lightning.
Using the Force, the Jedi and the Sith had the ability to deflect energy-based attacks like blaster bolts and Force lightning. A few even could block melee attacks, such as those performed with lightsabers.
Legend had it that Yoda—a Jedi who became Grand Master—was trained by N'Kata Del Gormo. A Force-sensitive Hysalrian, N'Kata Del Gormo was trained in the ways of the Force and achieved the rank of Master within the Jedi Order.
