The Númenóreans made Umbar, the harbour city in the south of Middle-earth, into a great fortress and expanded Pelargir, a landing in Gondor near the Mouths of the Anduin. The "King's Men" among the Númenóreans became jealous of Elves for their immortality, resenting the Ban of the Valar, and sought everlasting life.
For The Rings of Power, Númenórian hatred of Elves built over time out of jealously for their immortality. In The Silmarillion, Tolkien outlines the downfall of Númenor as a slow burn that began with the Ban of the Valar, which entailed the first Númenórians agreeing to never sail west toward Valinor.
Over time, the people of Númenor began to resent the elves for their immortality and freedom to sail to the undying lands of Valinor. At their creation, Eru Illúvatar granted men the gift of mortality and a special place granted to them after death that remained a secret between Eru and the departed.
The Downfall of Númenor, also called the Fall or Drowning of Númenor, was the utter destruction of the island of Númenor, a divine punishment by Ilúvatar to the Númenóreans for breaking the Ban of the Valar.
Aragorn vs Sauron unreleased scene (better quality) - edited
Why is Aragorn the heir of Númenor?
Elros, the twin brother of Elrond, became the first king of Númenor, marking the beginning of Aragorn's kingly lineage. Elros was approximately the 63rd great-grandfather to Aragorn. This also means that Elrond was his equally distant great-uncle, making Arwen (his wife) his first cousin, 64 times removed.
According to Tolkien, Ar-Pharazôn became obsessed with the idea of immortality. Sauron persuaded him that this could be gained through the worship of Morgoth, leading to the construction of a temple dedicated to the first Dark Lord, and the destruction of the White Tree of Númenor.
Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of Númenor. Along with Arnor in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, served as a last stronghold of the Men of the West.
Realising he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength, Sauron allowed himself to be taken as a hostage to Númenor by King Ar-Pharazôn in S.A. 3262. There, he quickly grew from captive to adviser and was known as Zigûr, the Wizard; he seduced the King and further corrupted the people.
"He was Aragorn son of Arathorn, the nine and thirtieth heir in the right line from Isildur, and yet more like Elendil than any before him." Aragorn was a descendant of Elros Tar-Minyatur.
A powerful fleet set sail for Aman. But it was destroyed by Eru Ilúvatar. Númenor itself was sunk beneath the Sundering Seas. The sad story of Númenor echoes the fall of Atlantis, the mythical Greek kingdom, and Biblical retribution.
Saving Galadriel at sea was likely a method of gaining her trust, since Sauron would need an Elf's friendship to enter their realm. Whether he targeted Galadriel specifically because he could exploit her bloody-minded rage and broken heart is unclear.
Númenor as it appears on a map released in conjunction with The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. Númenor was a large island in the middle of the Western Sea. The island itself was in the shape of a 5-point star, each point having its own unique geological and physical features.
Being one of the chief leaders of the Noldorin rebellion, Galadriel was not allowed to return and a ban was set upon her, to which she replied that she had no wish to do so.
The Numenorean bit is somewhat of a red herring - Numenoreans (other than Elros only) were not Half-Elven. The issue comes from the fact that the whole Half-Elven thing was… complicated.
Fingolfin, receiving false news, rode alone to Angband and challenged Morgoth to single combat. He wounded Morgoth several times, but grew weary and was killed by the immortal Vala. Fingolfin has inspired artists, musicians and video game designers to create depictions of his deeds.
Sauron did not fear as we think of the word. He was very cautious of the men of Numenor and the remaining Noldor in exile. No other force seemed to give him pause since the First Age. This was his undoing.
Like we associate Sauron with darkness and a volcano, but he enthusiastically called Númenor a paradise and seemed like he wanted to stay there. I think he appreciates beauty wholeheartedly.
Despite Numenor's likely advantage in numbers, they would have been defeated in battle with the Calaquendi, but not without first unleashing great damage upon Valinor.
I think it's probably fair to say that the Dunadain of both Arnor and Gondor considered themselves Numenoreans in exile. Aragorn himself told Arwen on his deathbed that he was “the last Numenorean”.
In The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King, Éowyn asks Aragorn his age and is shocked to learn that he is actually 87 despite looking no older than 40. But it is revealed that Aragorn is one of the Dúnedain—a descendant of Númenor—blessed with long life.
However, after centuries of prosperity many of the inhabitants ceased to worship the One God, Eru Ilúvatar, and rebelled against the Valar, resulting in the destruction of the island and the death of most of its people.
Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from Númenor. Gondor was the sister kingdom of Arnor, whose line of kings came from Isildur, while the line of the Kings of Gondor descended from Anárion.
The magic long life of the Númenóreans starts declining, except for some special refugees from Gondor named the Dúnedain (singular Dúnadan), of which Aragorn is one. These Dúnedain maintain some of the magic Númenórean longevity—they don't live 400+ years like their Númenórean ancestors, but they live well beyond 150.
Ar-Pharazôn the Golden was the twenty-fifth and last King of Númenor. He was the son of Gimilkhâd, who was the younger brother of the twenty-fourth King, Tar-Palantir.
